|
The ''Calypso'' class comprised two steam corvettes (later classified as third-class cruisers) of the Royal Navy. Built for distant cruising in the heyday of the British Empire, they served with the fleet until the early twentieth century, when they became training ships. Remnants of both survive, after a fashion; in the name of the naval reserve unit the ship once served, and both in the name of a civilian charity and the more corporeal form of the hull, now awash in a cove off Newfoundland. The class exemplifies the transitional nature of the late Victorian navy. In design, materials, armament, and propulsion the ''Calypso''s show evidence of their wooden sailing antecedents, blended with characteristics of the all-metal mastless steam warships which followed. Their appearance and layout was similar to the "pure" sailing corvettes, with boiler rooms, machinery spaces, ventilators, and a flue added. Of iron and steel construction, they had coppering over timber below the waterline, as did older wooden vessels. Their armament was not in turrets or barbettes, but arranged in a central broadside battery, with the four largest guns on sponsons to give larger arcs of fire. And they had both a powerful steam engine and an extensive rig of sail. They formed the last class of sailing corvettes in the Royal Navy.〔〔The term "corvette" was reintroduced for the and classes of the Second World War.〕 ==Design== ''Calypso'' and ''Calliope'' made up the ''Calypso'' class, a successor to the successful , all designed by Nathaniel Barnaby. The vessels were screw corvettes or small cruisers, and were among the Royal Navy’s last sailing corvettes. They supplemented an extensive sail rig with a powerful engine. In profile they resembled older wooden sailing frigates, from bowsprit to stern gallery. The ports in the gallery were false, and there were no quarter galleries.〔Osbon (1963), p. 195.〕 Other differences included a nearly straight stem, a shorter battery, and sponsoned guns on the corners of the battery. Above the decks they had a full suite of masts and spars, standing and running rigging, and square and fore-and-aft sails. The shrouds were not attached to chainplates on the outside of the hull, as in older vessels, but to the inside of the bulwarks. Interposed between the masts and rigging were the ventilators and stack of the steam plant. In plan the ships shows decks common to older sailing cruising vessels, including a poop deck at the rear, the overhang of which sheltered a wheel on the quarterdeck below. The guns were all on the highest continuous deck;〔Archibald (1971), pp. 39–42.〕 the battery was shorter than on wooden vessels with full-length gun decks, as the class carried fewer (although more powerful) guns than corvettes and frigates in the classic age of sail; all guns were carried in the waist of the ship, between the poop and forecastle. The armament of the class consisted of naval rifles – breechloaders with rifling in their bores to impart a spin and therefore stability to projectiles in flight. The ''Calypso''s differed from the previous ''Comus'' class, as they had new 6-inch rifles in place of the 7-inch muzzleloaders and 64-pounders that originally armed the predecessor class, and 5-inch guns in a battery between the 6-inch guns. There were four in sponsons fore and aft on each side, twelve in broadside between the 6-inch guns, and six quick-firing Nordenfelts.〔Osbon (1963), pp. 207–08.〕 The ''Calypso''s were slightly longer than their predecessors, and displaced 390 tons more.〔Archibald (1971), p. 49.〕 Their engines were of 4,023 i.h.p., over 50% more powerful than those of their nine predecessors, which gave them one more knot of speed.〔 These compound engines could drive the ships at 13¾ knots, or 14¾ knots with forced draught.〔 The hulls of these vessels were of course adapted for the screw driven by their reciprocating steam engines. In common with older vessels, they were coppered to reduce fouling from marine growth, and the copper sheathing was affixed to timber as in wooden ships, but that timber was not structural, but simply encased the metal hull beneath.〔Lyon (1980), pp. 35–36.〕 Royal Navy corvettes had been built of iron since 1867, but the ''Comus'' class and the ''Calypso''s were built of steel.〔 They carried a barque rig of sail on three masts,〔While it has been stated the class had barque rigs, Paine (2000), vol. 799, p. (29 ), and some images show that, at times they may have been ship rigged, as other drawings and photographs show yards and square sails on the mizzenmast. Archibald (1970), p. 49; J.S. Virtue & Co., (lithograph of ''HMS "Calliope", 3rd Class Cruiser'' ); and images linked above at ''See also'', and below.〕 including a full set of studding sails on fore and mainmasts.〔Harland, John H. (1985), ''Seamanship in the Age of Sail'', p. 172. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. ISBN 0-87021-955-3.〕 This rig enabled them to serve in areas where coaling stations were rare, and to rely on their sails for propulsion. That flexibility made them was well-suited to distant cruising service and trade protection for the British Empire.〔Naval Historical Center, (HMS ''Calliope'' (1884-1951). )〕 The vessels had two complete decks, upper and lower, with poop and forecastle decks. The poop contained cabins for the captain, first lieutenant, and navigating officer, with the double wheel sheltered under its forward end. The forecastle was used for the heads and working space for the cables. Between these was the open quarterdeck in the waist of the ship, on which the battery was located. Under the lower deck were spaces for water, provisions, coal, and magazines for shell and powder. Amidships were the engine and boiler rooms. These were covered by an armoured deck, thick and approximately long. This armour was about underneath the lower deck, and the space between could be used for additional coal bunkerage. The machinery spaces were flanked by coal bunkers, affording the machinery and magazines some protection from the sides. The lower deck, above the machinery spaces, was used for berthing of the ship's company; officers aft, warrant and petty officers forward, and ratings amidships, as was traditional. The tops of the coal bunkers, which projected above deck level, could be used for seating on one side of the mess tables, which were arranged fore-and-aft. The living spaces were well-ventilated and an improvement over prior vessels.〔Osbon (1963), pp. 195–98.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calypso-class corvette」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|